The assembly approaches in these cases, however, rely on externally imposed forces, with limited ability to address complex, 3D architectures and/or functional systems that form naturally in a parallel fashion with the requisite heterogeneous collection of patterned materials. In fact, recent work demonstrates that graphene can be built into common, kirigami-type structures and in mechanical metamaterials such as stretchable electrodes, springs, and hinges 20, 21. Physical toughness and materials structure geometries are, therefore, critically important in maximizing the diversity of realizable 3D structures.Ītomically thin, 2D materials have a well-established set of excellent mechanical properties, some of which, for graphene, are unmatched these characteristics have direct and essential relevance in the context of 3D assembly 17, 18, 19. Full, quantitative modeling of the mechanics forms an essential aspect of design in all such cases without such theoretical guidance, the buckling process itself can lead to cracking and/or defect formation in the constituent materials in ways that can deteriorate their properties. These ideas leverage an intimate interplay between materials and microstructural mechanics, with diverse examples of use with silicon membranes, metallic electrodes, and polymer films in hundreds of different 3D geometries 13, 14, 15, 16. Among the most recently introduced methods is a scheme in which compressive buckling associated with a stretched elastomeric substrate guides the mechanical assembly of elaborate 3D mesostructures, some with designs reminiscent of those achieved in macroscale structures by origami/kirigami, with specified shapes and with sizes that can span several orders of magnitude in characteristic dimensions, down to the submicron regime in lateral features and to a few tens of nanometers in thickness 12, 13, 14, 15. Progress in this area is often limited by the relatively small range of choices in controlled, reliable, reproducible strategies for producing 3D geometrical forms in advanced functional materials 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Many examples demonstrate clearly the value of 3D structures in achieving unique properties with simple constituent materials 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Specifically, the mechanics of graphene and MoS 2, together with strategically configured supporting polymer films, can yield arrays of photodetectors in distinct, engineered three-dimensional geometries, including octagonal prisms, octagonal prismoids, and hemispherical domes.Įlectronic and optoelectronic materials deployed in complex, three-dimensional (3D) structures can offer qualitatively expanded levels of functionality compared to those in their corresponding two-dimensional (2D) planar counterparts. Here, we show that two-dimensional semiconductor/semi-metal materials can play critical roles in this context, through demonstrations of complex, mechanically assembled three-dimensional systems for light-imaging capabilities that can encompass measurements of the direction, intensity and angular divergence properties of incident light. Complex three-dimensional structures inspired by origami, kirigami have promise as routes for two-dimensional to three-dimensional transformation, but current examples lack the necessary combination of functional materials, mechanics designs, system-level architectures, and integration capabilities for practical devices with unique operational features. Efficient and highly functional three-dimensional systems that are ubiquitous in biology suggest that similar design architectures could be useful in electronic and optoelectronic technologies, extending their levels of functionality beyond those achievable with traditional, planar two-dimensional platforms.
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